The melt blown process is a nonwoven manufacturing system involving direct conversion of a polymer into continuous filaments, integrated with the conversion of the filaments into a random laid nonwoven fabric. Glass industry technology roadmap energy research company. Annual quantity of each carbonatebased raw material charged tons to each continuous glass. Process manufacturing is the exact opposite of discrete manufacturing.
Although the bubbles can be seen as a defect of the process, i would like to focus on function. Pdf this paper discusses raw materials used in ancient glasses. Or it can be buried, but once again, this would have adverse affects on the environment. A pvb interlayer is drawn over the first sheet of glass and a second sheet of glass is then placed on top of the pvb to create a sandwich. The sintering process in powder metallurgy ge additive. The grinding and polishing of flat glass to produce plate glass has become obsolete since the development of the float glass process. Toughened glass, tempered glass and safety glass industry. Postlamination manufacturing process automation for photovoltaic modules annual technical progress report 15 april 199814 june 1999 national renewable energy laboratory 1617 cole boulevard golden, colorado 8040393 nrel is a u.
Blowandblow process published with permission of glass manufacturers federation 7973. Sio 2 is also the basic element in quartz, a naturally occurring rock. The conventional hydroelectric power stations are usually located overground at the foot of a dam or a hill slope on the banks of a river. It is then transported horizontally over a series of carriage rollers while it cools. This is normally accomplished by carrying out a set of activities such as product design, selection of raw material, and materials processing kalpakjian and schmid 2001. The sand used in glass manufacture should be pure and free from iron as it imparts colour to the glass. The glass production source category consists of facilities that manufacture glass including flat, container, or pressed and blown glass or wool fiberglass using one or more continuous glass melting furnaces. Properties of glass property unique characteristics of glass chemical glass is highly resistant to chemical attack, and many chemicals and foodsbeverages can be stored for decades without corrosion of the glass. Manufacturing process of smart glass how pdlc products. O emissions from fuel combustion at each continuous glass melting furnace. Postlamination manufacturing process automation for. Diffusion welding is a solid state high temperature welding process to join. The products of this industry are flat glass, container glass, and pressed and blown glass.
The glass float glass as we know is manufactured by the ppg process. Whereas process manufacturing follows recipes or formulas and creates products that cannot be broken down at the end of the production cycle, discrete manufacturing uses a bill of materials and follows instructions to create. The glass manufacturing process can be traced back to 3500 bc, when ceramic pottery was coated with a glass surface glaze. Machinemade glass containers and the end of production for. Benefits of using quality cullet over a ton of natural resources are saved for every ton of glass recycled. Glass sheet automatic plant, glass sheet, flat glass. At one point this process was typically used for wide mouth containers, but with the addition of a vacuum assist process, it can now be utilized for narrow mouth applications as well.
The glass industry comprises five main sectors covering different glass products, applications and markets. It is well known fact all over the world that the best quality glass can be produced with the help of the float glass technology. Quartz, however, is crystalline rigid, highly ordered atomic structure and is 99 percent or more sio 2. The fabrication of a micropump and the optimisation of microstructures for the adhesive bonding process are described in the literature 339,340. These sectors are very different, whether in terms of manufacturing process, products, markets, the economics of the sectors or manufacturers, but they all transform raw materials into glass by a process of melting. Also, a fea of slide bearing form pa6 reinforced with glass fibers that change the. I am about to start a project on a glass manufacturing process.
Manufacturing process of smart glass how pdlc products are made. Pdf the raw materials of early glass production europe. Manufacturing process, process flow sheets, plant layout and project financials of glass sheet automatic plant project. Glass manufacturing process and air pollutants quartz sand soda ash limestone others cullet tank furnace pot furnace manual forming annealing tempering furnace decorating bending furnace laminating process firing oven glasses for car sheet glass bottle, container fluorescent tube others optical glass flit heavy oil heavy oil s o x, n o x. You can also choose from flat, curve glass manufacturing process, as well as from hollow, solid glass manufacturing process, and whether glass. The tensile strength of glass can be increased by thermal tempering, chemical modification, or laminating. Experimental furnaces and research and development process units are excluded. Hardness glass is a hard material, with hardness values comparable to steel, and can. The overall investment of underground machine hall is less than those of the superstructure of a surface power house of similar dimensions.
When cooled quickly, the superficial layer cools first, leaving the inner portion in a state of strain. The various acidic oxides that can be used are as follows. Joining processes are widely used in fabrication and assembly work. Aug 31, 2012 benefits of using quality cullet over a ton of natural resources are saved for every ton of glass recycled. A cost efficient production process in the glass in dustry is.
As a result of past mergers and consolidation to maintain competitiveness, the. By proceeding beyond this page, you consent to the installation of cookies in order to provide interest based services and provide statistics. The technology of glass manufacturing by the float process implies a flow of glass mass in the form of a tape into a cooling melt with tin. The customer has a specific concern with bubbles in the glass. This process was invented by sir alistair pilkington in 1952 and is the most popular and widely used process that describes how to make glass for architectural purposes in the world today.
Annual process emissions of co 2 for each continuous glass melting furnace and for all furnaces combined metric tons. The general process description is similar to the spunlaid process, but in detail, both types. Aluminum door window manufacturing has a profitable manufacturing opportunity in india. What these processes have in common is that they use powdered feedstock in parts fabrication. The process of slow and homogeneous cooling of articles made of glass is known as annealing. Fiberglass is the original fiber reinforcement of modern composites.
First developments in this field of technology in the industrial area started around 1945. Preface ii manufacture of glass chapter 5 presents the bat conclusions as defined in article 312 of the directive. Glass is a substance that has certain properties, primarily fragility and stiffness, which makes it similar to solids, but. Rajiv shivpuri professor of industrial, welding, and systems engineering, ohio state university. When a company begins manufacturing a product the process will be determined by factors such as consumer demand of products, the manufacturing technique of how a final product is completed is it assembled by various components, involve raw material or chemicals. This bat reference document for the manufacture of glass forms part of a. Peter 2011 expressed the view that to choose from the various methods of composite manufacturing processes, it depends on the type of fibers and matrix chosen, the curing temperature to form the. Glass production facilities must report the following. It forms silicates on fusion with the other ingredients.
Takeover of the glass ribbon coming from the lehr with a synchronized conveyor system nio t cepsny t i i ql au quality and capacity optimized cutting of the glass ribbon into sheets in relation to order. Textilegrade glass fibers are made from silica sio 2 sand, which melts at 1720c3128f. You can also choose from flat, curve glass manufacturing process, as well as from hollow, solid glass manufacturing process, and whether glass manufacturing process is sheet glass, or float glass. Fundamentals of laminating process and quality requirements.
Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance. Though the ancient phoenicians, egyptians and greeks knew how to melt glass and stretch it into thin fibers, it wasnt until the 1930s that the process evolved into commercialscale manufacturing of continuous fibers, which would later be used as structural reinforcements. Glass manufacturing industry iii melting, the combination of the individual raw materials at high temperature to form a molten glass, is the central phase in the production of glass. Presentation on glass manufacturing linkedin slideshare. Manufacturing refers to the processes of converting the raw materials into useful products. The melt blown process, and its variants, is the only largescale commercial process that is presently being used to directly produce melt spun fibers with diameters in the submicron range without splitting or chemically dissolving away. The major raw materials required for manufacturing of glass bottles and tumblers are silica, limestone, soda ash an d cullet. Glass and other materials were put lower down on this scale.
The raw materials used in the manufacture of glass can be broadly divided. During the last season several important glass manufacturing districts tiave been visited by survey geologists, and careful investigation lias been made of the glass sands and other. The lower surface of this material becomes perfectly smooth, and the surface tension makes the top surface flat. In the handblowing process, the glass blower gathered a gob of molten glass on the blow pipe, shaped it and then blew it into shape with or with. The chemical makeup of detergents that may be used by float glass manufacturing could vary significantlysome could contain phosphorous in hand blown and pressed glass, pollutants in.
Materials processing and manufacturing technologies. Aluminum door window manufacturing 7 step fabrication. The procedures for manufacturing glass are the same for all products except forming and finishing. Mechanical, materials and manufacturing engineering. Press and blow process a plunger is inserted first, air then follows to form the gob into a parison. A manufacturing process is the way a business will establish how it will produce its products for its customers. In fact, some companies identify two customers, the external customer who buys the finished product and the internal customer, who builds the product one i. Each manufacturing process is generally characterized by some advantages and limitation over the other processes. Blodgett senior design consultant, lincoln electric co. Even the slightest imperfection in the raw materials or manufacturing process could result in a substandard switchable product, making quality and control a highly important consideration for. At one point this process was typically used for wide mouth containers, but with the addition of a vacuum assist process, it can now be. Chapter 6 presents information on emerging techniques as defined in article 314 of the. The results of this work are sum marized in the following three reports. Energy costs drop about 23% for every 10% cullet used in the manufacturing process.
Pdf the manufacturing of glass bottles and tumblers from. This process is a combination between ecm and a conventional grinding machine. I n addition to raw materials, auxiliary m aterials like include. Glass being a bad conductor of heat, if cooled suddenly, may develop strain. Broadly, modern glass container factories are threepart operations. While there are many modern variations on the glass manufacturing process for industrial and scientific uses, traditional glass used to make windows, food and drink containers, and ornamental shapes is still made from the same three ingredients used in.
The manufacturing process of previous switchable technology forced early innovators to invest in the highest quality manufacturing facilities. Melt blown process an overview sciencedirect topics. Preliminary study on hybrid manufacturing of the electronic. Powder metallurgy is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of manufacturing processes. The choice depends upon the quality of glass to be made. Materials and process in manufacturing ninth edition.
The report assesses the market sizing and growth of the indian glass sheet industry. There are no waves and distortion in the sheet glass manufacturing with the help of float glass technology, is. Introduction to basic manufacturing processes and workshop. Machinemade glass containers and the end of production. Because of the use of aluminum in every constructive area for functional as well as a decoration point of view and for stacking purposes manufacturing aluminum windows and doors with different types of frames, fittings are a relatively simple process that can even be conducted from the wellequipped. Container glass and pressed and blown glass, 51 and 25 percent respectively of total sodalime. Both the cellphone and glass have similar properties and parts, so it isnt too much of a stretch to assume they would be disposed of in similar ways. Integrated pollution prevention and control ippc reference. The melting process is a complex combination of chemical reactions and physical processes, and melting can be divided into. Technical seminar on nasir glass industries limited joinabazar, sreepur, gazipur, bangladesh.
Mcshane encyclopedia of life support systems eolss redirects the glass into the horizontal direction. Department of energy laboratory operated by midwest research institute battelle bechtel. Adhesive bonding of glass parts is a very fast, simple and inexpensive joining technique. Ii materials processing and manufacturing technologies h.
Miller welding design engineer, lincoln electric co. Increasingly, modern processes are using adualwell approach that uses bothn and p wells, grown on top on a epitaxial layer, as shown in figure 2. On the same lines, manufacturing using lasers may offer extraordinary benefits in some cases or may be a total failure in others. The major ingredients form over 90% of all types of glasses are lime caco 3, sand sio 2 and soda ash na 2 co 3. The technique is suitable for drilling small holes and cutting into hard materials c electrochemical grinding ecg. For every six tons of recycled container glass used, one ton of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is reduced. A pvb interlayer is drawn over the first sheet of glass and a second sheet of glass is then. Sintering is a heat treatment commonly used to increase the strength and structural integrity of a given material. During the last season several important glassmanufacturing districts tiave been visited by survey geologists, and careful investigation lias been made of the glass sands and other.